[IBM100系列] Radiotype Wireless Data Transmission

原文转自IBM网站: http://www.ibm.com/ibm100/us/en/icons/radiotype/  

Radiotype Wireless Data Transmission  

In late 1941, the race was on to advance and develop radar, sonar, radio and other technologies, as the global conflict that would define the “greatest generation” evolved. More than 50 countries would be involved in battles on air, sea and land on six continents, and Napoleon’s maxim that “the secret of war lies in the communications” would hold true. The IBM Radiotype would enable the United States Army to send written messages at e-mail speed—30 years before the invention of e-mail.

Walter S. Lemmon, a pioneering radio inventor and president of Radio Industries Corporation, had built a prototype with two associates in 1931. Two typewriters communicated via shortwave—an operator could enter a message on the transmitting typewriter, and the keystrokes, including backspacing and shifting, were replicated on the receiving typewriter on the other end. IBM President Thomas J. Watson Sr. convinced Lemmon and his associates to join his company, and IBM acquired the rights to the Radiotype in 1933, the same year it entered the typewriter business by purchasing the Electromatic Typewriter Corporation of Rochester, New York.  

By 1935, IBM’s Radiotype division had a satisfactory working model. It was intended for business use, for communication between office buildings or departments, factories and home offices, or different branches in different regions. When Admiral Richard Byrd sent the Radiotype message “WATSON” 11,000 miles from his Little America exploration base in Antarctica to Ridgewood, New Jersey, in 1935, it proved that the signal could make it much further than office to office.  

The Radiotype, because of its ability to make transcontinental communication possible, was a component of Watson’s vision of “world peace through world trade.” The IBM president believed that better communication between the countries of the world would help eliminate conflict. The Radiotype was just one of the product lines that IBM acquired or developed to further that vision.

In 1941, as US involvement in World War II seemed imminent, IBM loaned several Radiotype units to the US Army Signal Corps for communications between the Corps’ headquarters. The US Army Signal Corps could move a message literally around the world in four minutes. At peak usage, the units were transmitting 50 million words per day. This capability proved distinctly advantageous for a US military effort involving millions of personnel spread throughout the Pacific, European and Mediterranean theaters.  

At the end of the war, the military returned its Radiotype units to IBM. Despite its success in the war effort—one lieutenant called the Radiotype “one of the most impressive developments” of all the information products created for World War II—IBM chose not to produce the Radiotype for civilian use. IBM President Thomas J. Watson Sr. realized that the Radiotype would be direct competition to the teletype, a product sold by AT&T, one of IBM’s biggest customers. The Radiotype division was sold to Globe Wireless in 1945, and the world had to wait for e-mail to come along in 1971.